Chapter 1 Our Digital Planet

CREATING COMMUNITIES ON THE LIVING WEB
-Myspace creates an online community experience for young planet
-Flicker creates a commuinity for ppl to share their pics

 

LIVING IN A NON-DIGITAL WORLD
- comps are commodities now a days
-comps and their applications are involoved in our daily life

 

COMPUTERS IN PERSPECTIVE
- every comp follows the basic plan of Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace
-Comps are tools
     - can compute your taxes or deploy a missile
-all comps take info called input and give out info called output
- comps versatility is bulit upon its:
     1. hardeware (physical parts)
      2. software the instructionsthat tells hardware how to transform the input data into the neccassary output

 

- the 1st comp was creaed by Konrad Zuse in 1939
- at about the same time the British gov't was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes.
*-  1943: the team led by Alan Turnig and other completed Colossus considered by many to be the 1at electronic digital comp
- 1939: in Iowa State U John Atansoff (proffessor) developed what could have been the 1st electronic digital comp the Atansoff - Berry comp (ABC)
- 1944: thanx to a $1 million frant from IBM. harvard proffessor Howard Aiken developed the Mark 1.
- John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert helped the US effort in the WW2 by constructing a machine to calc trajectory tables for a new gund
         - ENIAC ( electronic Numerical Integrator and Comp)
- After the war Mauchly and Eckeryt started a private company called Sperry and created UNIVACI the 1st general-purpose commercial comp.

 

Vacuum tubes: were used in early comps
Transistors: replaced vacuum tubes in 1956
- mid 1960s: transistors were replaced by integrated circuits

 

Integrated circuits brought:

• increased rehability
• smaller size
• higher speed
• higher efficiency
• lower cost

-1971: the 1st microprocessor was invented by Intel engineers
personal comp revolution: began in 1970

• Apple
• Commodore
• Tandy

A BRIEF TAXIMONY:
- desktop comps havent completely replaced big comps which have also evolvoed
- embedded comps
- special purpose comp: dedicated comps that perform specific tasks

• controlling the temp and humidity
• monitoring your heart rate
• monitoring your house security system

- firmware: the program is etched on silicon so it cannot be altered.
PERSONAL COMPS
- PCs serve a single user at a time
      -Common applications include:

• word processing
• gaming
• media
• etc.

workstations: high- end desktop comps w/ massive computing power used for high-end interactive applications.
portable comps: machines that are not tied to desktops

• notebooks
• handheld comps (PDAs)

Servers: comps designed to provide softwares and other resources to other comp over a network

 

MAINFRAMES AND SUPER COMPS
Mainframes:

• used by large organizations such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs
• communicate w/ mainframe through terminals
• multiple communications at 1 time through process of timesharing

Supercomps:

• For power users who need access to fastest and most powerful comps made

THE INTERNET REVOLUTION
THE EMERGENCE OF NETWORKS

• connected devices together
• 1960s: internet developed w/ backing of the U.S gov't

- the internet explosion has over a billion ppl w/ internet access by the end of 2005
Electronic mail: e-mail software
World Wide Web: led the internet;s transformation from a text-only into multimedia w/ pics, animation, sounds, video...
Web Browsers: programs that serve as navigable windows into the web when in effect
Hypertext Links: tie togehter millions of Web pgs created by diverse authors
-the internet supports varied activites
       -ebay
       - real-time: multiplayer games
- in the history of our society we have had:
     - an agricultural age
     - an industrial age

we need to know how to write a code for
you need a link that will send you to a web  pg or a link source
<xxx>
I - italic
U - underline
B - bold

<I> <U> <B> to make sure code is right make a link between them

Explanation Clarifying Technology
-comp literacy is already improving our day-to-day lives & careers

Applications: Comps in action
- apps enable you to use a comp for specific purposes

Implications: Social and Ethical Issues

• the threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and comp networkd
• the hazards of high-tech crime & the difficult of keeping data secure
• the difficutly of defing & protecting intellectual property in an all-digital age.

if u look at the address bar you can tell if something is secure

• -The threat of automation & the dehumanization of work
• -The abuse of info. as a tool of political & economic power
• -The emergence of bio-digital tech.
• -The dangers of dependance on complex tech.

biodigital: using tech for science
Examples:

1.  organizing data
2. someone lost a limb- they repair it with tech
3. microchipping animals
4. robots are taking human jobs and helping humans

Summary:
comps have evovled at an incredible pace since Charless Babbage's plan for an Analytical Engine.
Comps today come in all shapes & sizes w/ specific types being well-suited for particular jobs.
connecting to a network enhances the value & power of a comp

• Internet
• WWW
• E-mail

                               

Notes from Book for chapter 2

What Computers Do:
- There are 4 basic functions of a computer

1. Recieve Input: comps accept info from outside world
2. Process Info: Comps form arithmetic and logical operations on info.
3. Produce output: comps comm. info. to the outside world
4. Store info: Comps move and store info. in memory

FOUR FUNCTIONS

Input devices: accept input from outside world
Examples are: keyboards and pointing devices (mouse)

Output devices: send info to outside world.
Examples: video monitor or printer

Microprocessor: the "brain" of the comp

Memory and Storage Devices: both store info. but they serve diff purposes

BIT BASICS:

Digital is made up of digits

Bit (binary digits): the smallest unit of info. a comp. can process

BUILDING WITH BITS:
~ Bits as Numbers

binary number system: a system that denotes all #s w/ combinations of 2 digits.

~ Bits as Codes:

ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange): represents each character as a unique 8-bit code.

Unicode: a coding scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters.

BITS, BYTES, AND BUZZWORKS:

Byte: a group of 8 bits. ( one character of ASCII)

Kilobyte (KB or K): 1,000 bytes of info.

Megabyte or meg (MB): app. 1,000KB  or 1 millionbytes

Gigabyte (GB or gig): app. 1,000MB or 1 billion bytes

Terabyte (TB): app. 1 million MB or 1 trillion bytes.

Petabyte (PB): is equivalent to 1,204 terabytes or 1 quadrillian bytes.

file:  is an organized collection of info.

megabits (Mb): used to measure data to transfer speed or memory size.

THE CPU: THE REAL COMP.

microprocessor: (CPU) an extraordinarily complex collection of electronic circuits.

motherboard: the circuit board that contains a comp's CPU.

COMPATIBILITY:

Compatible: software written for one processor will usually not work with another.

Backward Compatible:

PERFORMANCE:

clock: the timing device that produces electrical pulses to synchronize the comps operations.

gigahertz (GHz): billions of clock cycles per second.

architecture: the design that determines how individual components of the CPU are put together on the chip.

Cluster: the name of the processing resources of multiple serveers all grouped together.

-multicore processors
-Parallel processors
-symmetric multiprocessing
-multiprocessing

THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY:

nonvolatile memory: the comp can read from it, but it can never write any new ifo. on it

read-only memory (ROM): wat the nonvolatile memory is called sometimes.

1. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS): is a special low- energy kind of RAM that can store small amounts of data for a long period of time on battery power.

- CMOS RAM store date, time, and calender, in a PC

     2.  Flash Memory: are chips, like RAM chips, that can be written and erased rapidly and repeatedly. But unlike RAM, a flash memory is nonvolatile., it can keep its contents without flow of electricity

-Examples are: digital cameras, cell phones, pagers, PDA's, handheld comps, portable comps, etc.

access time: measured in nanoseconds (ns) billionths of a second

millisecond (ms): thousandths of a second.

- Memory speed (access time) is another factor that affects the comp's overall speed

BUSES, PORTS, AND PERIPHERALS:

system buses (buses):groups of wires in the motherboard

bays: type of storage devices

Ports: sockets on the outside of the comp chassis.

PC cards: cards that contain memory, mini peripherals, & additional ports.

Chapter 4: Software Basics: The Ghost in the Machine

-open source: open for the public
-what makes it reliable: updates
-who creates the open source ideas:
2 kinds of software and systems
    1. reliable on open source idea
    2. doesn't have open source idea

• Lins Torvalds: created the linux,
• linux is the operating system is the best known ex. of open source software
• film and animation workstations, scientific comps, and some handhelds

3 major categories:

1. Translator programs such as compilers: enable programs to create other software
2. software applications: help comp users solve probs
3. system software: coordinate hardware operations and does behind the scences work the comp use hardly sees

-Examples of compilers: C and C++ intel etc
-Examples of application compilers: photoshop, word, paint, etc.

OS vs Application Software

-Food of Thought: the hardware in a comp system is equipped to produce whatever output a user requests
A Fast, Stupid Machine

• prgrammers start with an algorithm (step by step instructions in a natural language ...english)
• the steps are error prone
• the steps are translated into vocab of programming language: this has too many steps, complicated, EXACT instructions

TOOLS FOR USERS
-Many Software companies have replaced their printed documentation with:

1. Tutorials
2. Reference materials
3. Help files
4. on-line help

-Upgrading: Users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer
-Newer releases often have additional features and fewer bugs
Bugs are things that make the computer slower or an error

COMPATIBILITY
-It allows software to function properly with the hardware, operating system, and peripherals
-Programs written for one type of computer system may not work on another
- a hardware needs a compatibile software

DISCLAIMERS
-Software manufacturers limit their liability for software by selling the software "as is."
-manufacturers don't sell their website to a person for their needs

LICENSING: Commercial software is copyrighted so it can't be legally duplicated for distribution to others

• software license
• volume license

DISTRIBUTION: Software is distributed via:

• direct sale
• retail stores
• Mail-order catalogs
• web-sites
• not all software is copyrighted: ( public domain software, Shareware)

-you need a license to work on a software
-can't use one software on all others, like some "cracked" softwares

WEB APPLICATIONS
-fall into several categories

• Some simple Web applications perform simple data-processing tasks that could also be performed by traditional programs running on stand alone PCs
• Most web applications take advantage of the Wed's connectivity
• Many Web applications leverage the Web's strength as a huge repository of info.
• Some Web applications support online business transactions (CNN)
• News-oriented Web applications provide up-to-the-min. repotrts on a myriad of subjects
• Other Web applications support a more traditional form of info. broascasting

-the keyboard is called a web application
-most web applications take advantage of the web connectivity to be published
             - web applications: will stay in your comp and not go onto the internet unless its saved on "e"
             -  add index pg to domain range
-IP address: 1921 or xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
-you can call it yourname.com (the domain name)

SOFTWARE BUNDLES
-vertical-market and custom software
-Tends to cost far more than mass- market apps
-job specific software

• medical billings
• library cataloguing
• legal references software
• restaurant management
• single-chent software needs

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
-A class of software that includes the operating system and utility programs, handlies these details, and hundreds of other tasks behind the scences.
- operating system: 

OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:

• supports multitasking
• manages virtual memory
• maintains file system
• responsible for authentication and authorization

HW: What is the diff b/t authentications and authorization? Responsibilities? Examples.
What does the operating system do?
What is the diff b/t utillity programs and device drivers?
UTILITY PROGRAMS
-Serve as tools for doing system maintenance and repairs that aren't automatically handled by the operating system.

MAKE IT EASIER FOR USERS TO:

• copy files b/t storage devices
• repair damaged data files
• translate files so that diff. programs can read them
• guard against viruses and potentially harmful prog. (ch. on comp. securities and risks)
• compres files so they tak up less disk space
• perform other imp. if unexciting tasks

HARDWARE-SOFTWARE CONNECTIONS
- Symantec Norton Utilities is a popular utility package that includes software tools for recovering damaged files, repairing damaged disks, and improving disk performance.
        -viruses, trogens, maulware-softwares that are attacking our comps.

DEVICE DRIVERS
-Small programs kthat enable I/0 devices - keyboard, mouse, printer, and others- to comm w./ the comp
- included w/ the operating system or bundled ww/ peripherals

WHERE THE OPERATING SYSTEM LIVES
-Some comps. store their operating system in ROM
-others include only prt of it in ROM

• The remainder of the operating systems is loaded into memory in a process called booting which occurs when you turn on the comp.

-Most of the time the operating works behind the scences
-interacting with the operating system is like interacting with an app can be intuitve or challenging and it depends on something called user interface.

USER INTERFACE
-the interface defines the look and feel of the comp. experience from a human point of view
-desktop operating system
     -MS - DOS is a disk opeating system in which the user interacts using characters

• letters
• numbers
• symbols

HUMAN-MACHINE CONNECTION
-features include

• command-line interface (commands are typed)
• menu-driven interface (commands are chosen from on-screen lists)

-command line interface is called that because you are commanding to have certain info.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
-Mac OS developed by Macintosh in 1984 using GUI.
-Microsoft Windows is now the most popular operating system

MULTIPLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM:UNIX AND LINUX
-UNIX: developed by Bell Labs before personal coms were availabe'
-LINUX: created by Linus Torvalds and cont. to be a work in progress
-UNIX allows a timesharing comp to comm with several other comps or terminals at once

-linux is free for anyone to use or improve
-UNIX remains the dominant operating system for internet servers
-some form of UNIX is available for personal comps, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomps.
-EX: of UNIX are solarists

Hardware                                                                    Software
 - window vista
-winsows Server 2003
-windows XP
-windows ME
microsoft Windows CE

-cross platforms app such as micro office and ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
are programs that are available in similar versions for multiple platforms
-mac users can buy software emulation programs that:

• create a stimulated windows machine in the Mac
• translate

Future users interfaces will be bulit around emerging development technologies such as:

• applications (end)
• natural language interfaces
• agents
• virtual realities

FILE MANAGEMENT:
- Files can be scattered all over the system which often makes data manadement difficult
       solution: organize data files logically
-Both windows and Mac support the notion of common system folders with self-explanatory names:

• My docs (dos)
• my pics (pics)
• my music (music)

FILE MANAGEMENT UTILITIES:

• view rename copy move and delete files & folders
• Hierachies (arrangmeant of items) help w/ organization
• help w/ locating a file
• get size, file type, & last modification date

EX of Hierachy: is a folder with subfolders in it
-if u have a lot of the same folder that has the same name and u did one today with new modifications u go to details (under my docs and view) and u look at the dates.

MANAGEMENT FILES FROM APPLICATIONS:

• Operations: Open, Save As, Save, and Close

DEFRAGMENTATION: (pg 126)
- eliminates fragmented files by changing the assignment of clusters and files.
- can significantly improve the performanceof a disk drive
-recommended to do once a month
- ppl do this to eliminate empty spaces

SOFTWARE PIRACY:
- illegal duplication of copyrighted software

• the software industry is $50 billion industry
• 1/3 of softeware is illegally copied

Ch3 Hardware Basics

OBJECTIVES

KEYBOARD

• the most familiar input devices
• used to enter letters, numbers, and special characters
• standard keyboards
•  Ergonomic keyboards: adress medical problems
• wireless and onehanded keyboards
• folding keyboards: used with small computers (palm-sized)

POINTING  DEVICES

• mouse/trackball
• touchpad
• pointing stick/joystick/ touch screen
• graphics tablet
• stylus

-mouse is designed to move the pointer around the screen.
-touchpad is sensitive to light pressure
-pointing stick: tiny handle that sits in the middle of the keyoard and response to finger touches
-trackball: a mouse with a ball on the side and user uses that ball to move the pointer on the screen

READING TOOLS

• codes that are specifically used to input on the computer

Examples of reading tools are:

• optical-mark readers: uses reflected light to determine the location of pencil marks on test answer sheets.
• magnetic-ink character readers: reads odd shaped #s
• Bar-code readers:codes created from patterns
• pen scanners: can capture text from a printed doc and transfer it to a PC
• tablet PC
• smart whiteboards
• radio frequency identification readers: uses radio waves to comm.

digitalizing the world
-scanners capture and digitalize printed pictures

• Flatbed: create comp files
• Slide: can only scan slides
• Drum:
• Sheet-fed

DIGITAL CAMERA

• Snapshots
• images store as bits

AUDIO DIGITALIZERS

• microphones
• input devices

SIGNALS

• stored
• specialized software
• A digital signal processing chip compresses the stream of bits beforeit is transmitted to the CPU.

 

Speech recognition software

-converts voice data into words that can be edited

SCREEN OUTPUT

-monitor or videodisplay terminal (VDT) displays:

• characters
• graphics
• photographs
• animation

-video adapter: connects the monitor to the computer

-video memory: a special portion of RAM to hold images

-more video memories = more picture detailed displayed

-monitor size: is measured as a diagonal line

-resolution: number of pixels (tiny dots that compose a picture) on the screen

-higher resolution = dots closer together

-image quality is affected by resolution and color depth (number of different colors on the screen)

MONITOR CLASSES

- CRT (cathode-ray tubes)

- LCD (liquid crystal displays)

-Examples of LCDs are:

• Overhead projection panels
• video projectors
• portable computers (laptops)

PAPER OUTPUT

- printers produce papers (output, hardcopy)

-there are 3 groups of printers:

1. impact printers: they form images by physically striking paper, ribbon, and print hammer together like a typewriter
2. line printers: only print characters
3. Dot-matrix printers: prints texts and graphics

-and so many other kinds of printers like the nonimpact, the laser, the inkjet, the mulfunction, and the photo.

FAX MACHINES AND FAX MODEMS
facsimile machine: a fast and convenient tool for transmitting info. stored on paper.
fax modem: translates doc. into signals that can be sent over phone decoded by fax machines.

OUTPUT YOU CAN HEAR
sound card: allows PC to accept microphone input

CONTROLLING OTHER MACHINES
force feedback joystick: recieves signals from a comp and gives feedback that matches the visual output of the game.

 Storage Devices:

Input meets Output

- storage devices (secondary storage): perform both input and output functions, have both tape and disk drivers

-the comps primary storage is its memory

MAGNETIC TAPE

• Tape drivers can write data onto and read data off of a magnetically coated ribbon of tape. - are common storage devices on mainfram comps and some PCs
• Magnetic tape can store massive amounts of info in a small space at a relatively low cost.
• Sequential-access is the tapes limitation - comp must go through the info in order in which it was recorded

MAGNETIC DISKS

• Magnetic disks store encoded info
• Disk drive writes and reads data from the disk's surface - can rapidly info from and prt of the magnetic disk without going in order of recording.

- Internal hard drives and smalled microdries are based on very similar technologies, despite the diff size.

-all PCs use hard disks as their main storage device

• Hard disks are connected to the comp housing

OPTICAL DISCS

• optical disk drivers use laser beans rather than magnets to read and write bits of data on a reflective aluminum layer of the disk.

SOLID-STTATE STORAGE DEVICES

• flash memory: a erasable memory chip that can serve as a reliable, ow-energy, quiet, compact alternative to disk storage.
• USB store and transport data
• solid-state storage storage with no moving prts

The Computer System:

The Sum of its Parts

-there are 4 basic design classes for comps:

1. Tower System: tall, narrow that generally have more exansion slots and bays than other designs.
2. Flat Desktop Systems: designed to sit under the monitor like a platform
3. All-in-one System: combine monitoring and system unit into a single housing
4. Laptop Computers: include all the essential components - keyboarding, room service





The Computer's Memory

RAM (ransom access memory)

• used to store program instructions and data temporarily
• unique address and data can be stored in any location
• can quickly retrieve info.
• will not remain if power goes off (volatile)

ROM (read-only memory)

• Info. stored permanently on a chip
• Contains startup instructions and other permanent data

CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)

• Special low-energy kind of RAM

FLASH MEMORY

• used for phones, pagers, portable comps, handheld comps, and PDA's.

                                        Buses, Ports, and Peripherals

• Info. travels b/t components on the motherboard through groups of wire called system buses, or just buses.

BUSES

• Typically have 32 or 64 wires
• connect to storage devices in bays
• connect to expansion slots.
• connect to external buses and ports

SLOTS AND PORTS

• Make it easy to add external devices, called peripherals.

                      Inventing the Future

• New laser etching tech called xtreme ultraviolet lithograohy (EUVL) could reduce chip size and increase performance radically
• Superconductors that transmit electricity w/o heat could increase comp speed a 100fold
• the optical comp transmit info in light waves rather than electrical pulses.

" The only thing that has consistently grown faster than hardware in the last 40 yrs is human expectations" Bjarne Stroustrup

Homework: Paper on Net Neutrality

Net Neutrality

          Net Neutrality is the concept that all traffic over the internet flows without preference. Which means that your ISP won’t download one video faster than the other based on its service. This affects us because traffic on the internet is controlled and prioritized by an ISP. Competing services may have to pay the ISP to make it go faster and that causes higher taxes. There are no laws about this and the government cannot get involved. Congress could but that would take a lot of effort and voting.

          What is causing a huge hype over the world is that Verizon and Google banned prioritizing traffic to create a competitive edge but it doesn’t include wireless networks. The reason it doesn’t include wireless networks is because Verizon, like AT&T, have been arguing that wireless networks are different form wired broadband networks.

          I understand why there is a hype going on and I totally agree. It is unfair that some broadband services use their technology skills for the benefit and cause some people to pay higher taxes just to have a fast internet. I believe in net neutrality in all the internet even wireless networks. I don’t think that just because someone is on a phone that their internet should be any slower that someone who is using a regular computer. The internet is internet it should all have the same advantages and options.

http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-20015590-266.html?tag=mncol;mlt_related

IB notes clients and servers

(Remember: Technology, Social Issues, and Application/Impact)
Technology: using ipad to read quran in Taraweeh
Social Issues: some ppl are old school and won't like that your using the ipad to read qur'an instead of memorizing it.
Technology                                   Social issues                         Applications
Network                                         Reliability                               Business and Employment
      -Cliend Server                          Integrity                                 Education               
Database                                        Security                                   Training
Middleware                                    Privacy                                     Health
                                                      Authencity                                Art, Entertainment and leisure

• The needs of people have not changed over time but our wants have increased and the way we fulfill those needs has changed.
• People try to impress ppl by using big vocab words.
• *You can learn ANYTHING if you bring back the basics!!!*
• Humans should ask questions cuz we are the only creatures who are created with intellect.
• You should listen more than you ask. (2 ears and 1 mouth) listen twice more than listening
• Relevant questions are based on basic needs.
• clients and servers (when you make a call) (when you go to a restraunt)
• so wat i understand from the above im the client and the computer is my server so technically dell hp and all those ppl are my servers.
• PBX switch (telephone motem that does clients and servers)
• vonage and skype are PBX switches.
• we use a browser to get to google. browser is a client

( I have one ball )

chapter 2 part 3

gigabytes = more space on computer

CPU: Central Processing Unit
When a comp turns on it goes through all its parts. (microproccess)

• interprets and executes the instructions in each program
• Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
• communicates with all the other parts of the comp. system indirectly through memory
• an extraordinarly complex collection of electronic circuits.
• Housed along w/ other chips and electronic components on the motherhood.

Compatibility

• All software is not necessary compatible w/ energy CPU
• Software written for the Power PC family of processors used in Macintosh comps won't run on intel processors
• Programs written for Linux can't run on PC's powered by Intel's microprocessor
• CPU's in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible
• Newer proessor can process all of the instructions handled by earlier methods

Performance

• applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory results
• a comps overall performance is determined by:
•               Its microprocessor internal clock speed
•               measured in units called gigahertly (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second
• The architecture and word size of the processor
•     High-end workstations and servers use 64 bit processors
•    Most PCs and Macintosh uses 32 bit processor
•    Same embeddded and special-purpose comps still use 8 and 16 bit processors
• Techniques for speeding up a comp's performance:
•              11 processing
•              Server cluster

IB notes section 3 Application to specify scenerios

Education and Training

use of IT in teaching and learning 

• Education software, online research a forums, virtual learning 
• environment (VLE), e-books, Web 2.0 educational networks, use of mobile devices, game-based learning, fully immensive environment, filtering and monitoring of students internet use, 1-to-1, m-learning

Hardware and network technologies in the classroom

• Laptop computer, handheld devices, interactive whiteboards

Old School, New School

• teaches are using smart boards and students use laptops
• technology will make you "paralyzed"
• not good communications between teachers, students, teachers and students together, or the people close to you
• you become dependant
• stop critical thinking slows down

IB notes Section 2

Reliability

• reliability refers to the operation of hardware, the design of software, the accuracy of data or the correspondence of data w/ the real world. Data may be unreliable if it is entered incorrectly or if it becomes outdated.
• For example, a medical record that becomes dissociated from the patient it refers to becomes unrelliable

Integrity

• Integrity refers to correspondance of data w/ itself, at its creation. Data lacks integrity lacks when it has been changed accidently or tampered w/.
• For example, a hacker might change driver licensed data resulting in arrests of innocent ppl.

Explainig Green Computing

Impact

• ICT 2% of CO2
• energy costs...
• P.C has 1.8 tons of chemicals

Energy Reduction Saved

• turn off idle P.C
• lower power
• server vertualization
• hardware as service
• energy efficient coding
• in U.S and U.K 20bn kWh a year wasted P.C
• 15 million tons

IBM Project Big Green

• 2900 servers
• 30 mainframes
• 80% savings

• small companies use other things like Amazon uses amazon elasting compute cloud

Electricity decreasing

• energy reduced
• energy efficient coding called cut by 30%

Solution?

• microprocessor = most energy efficient, emission reducing device
• increase business effiiency
• enable demat
• decrease need for travel
• computing saved more natural resources than consumned

Dematerialization

• replaced w/ digtal downloads
• video conferencing

audit of tech to planning after that :
Identify Purchasing Strategy

• buy laptops not P.Cs
• if PCs thin clients
• don't increase specify
• increase efficiency

Maintenance

• set monitor to decrease power mode
• off P.C
• replace CRT w/ LCDs
• extend life of equip?
• rationalize all equip?
• set printer to flip mode

Data Centers

• increase eff. servers
• recycling

The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
The CPU: the real computers

chapter 2 part 2 part 2

Bits as Codes
    ASC 2:

• the most widely used code
• an abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Unicode:

• A crading scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters

Bits as instructions in Program

• Program are stared as collection of bits
• Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of codes

Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwork
      Bit related terminology:
              Byte   8 bytes
              Kilobyte  1 thousand bytes
              Megabytes   1million bytes
              Gigabytes    1thousand bytes
             Terabytes   1trillion bytes

Green Computing
The manufacturing of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment

• buy green equip. (Energy Star)
• Use a notebook and a solar battery
• use energy-saving features
• turn off the comp. when your away
• screen savers don't save energy
• print only once
• * recycle waste products*

chapter 2 part 2 table

chapter 2 part 2 part 1

Decimal Numbers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• each # is a column
• if you want to write 11 then it is 2 columns 1/1
• 350, 5600 all the way until 9
• certain # represent the digits

Introduction to binary wksht

A bit about Bits cont

• using 2 symbols all #s can be represented on a calcul as well as performing arithmetic
• a calcul translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series 0s and 1s.
•               - each # then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of 2).

Bits as numbers

• binary # system
• binary denotes all # w. combination of 2 digits.
• Decimal #s are automatically convertedf into binary #s & vice versa
• Binary # processing is completely hidden from the user.

IB notes section 1

Steps of scientific method

1. Identify the problem
2. Hypothesis
3. Collect data/research
4. Experiment (maybe before research)
5. RELIABLE conclusion are drawn

Critical Thinking

Def : Correct thinking in the pursuit of relevant and reliable knowledge about the world

• ask appropriate questions which means your CRITICALLY thinking
• Gather relevant info
• Efficiently and creatively sort through info.
• Reason from this info.
• Come to reliable conclusion

chapter 2

Objectives

- How Computers store and manipulate info.
-Basic Structure and organization of a comp.
-Discuss the functions and interactions of a comp system's principal internal component
-Why a comp has diff types of memory and storage devices

Basic Functions of a Computer

-Recieve Input: Accept info from outside world
-Process info: perform arithmetic on logical operations an info (Ex: google)
-Produce output: Communication info to the outside world
-Store info: move and store info in memory
-Input devices: Keyboards and pointing devices (mouse)
-Output devices: display or video monitor, printer, speaker
-CPU: the functions that process any input, output, storage, or memory
Secondary storage examples: tape, hard disk devices, recordable CD and DVD

Memory and Storage Devices

-Primary storage RAM (Random Access Memory)
-Secondary Storage: storage devices thatserve as long-term reposition for data

A Bit About Bits
Information

-communications that has valve because it informs
-anything that can be communicated, whether it has valve or not
-info. comes in many forms
-words, #s, and pics
-sound, movies
-In comp technology the terms data and info are more or less...
-comp. info is digital
-bit about binary digital
            -the smallest unit of info
            -can have 1 or 2 valves 1 or 0
            - can repeat #s, codes, or instructions
-Byte a collection of 8 bits
-using 2 symbols all #s can be represented an a calcul as well as performing arithmetic
-a calcul translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s
       - each # then is looked at as a component of its personal valves (each a power of 2)
Decimal Numbers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• each # is a column
• if you want to write 11 then it is 2 columns 1/1
• 350, 5600 all the way until 9
• certain # represent the digits

A bit about Bits cont

• using 2 symbols all #s can be represented on a calcul as well as performing arithmetic
• a calcul translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series 0s and 1s.
•               - each # then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of 2).

Bits as numbers

• binary # system
• binary denotes all # w. combination of 2 digits.
• Decimal #s are automatically convertedf into binary #s & vice versa
• Binary # processing is completely hidden from the user.

Bits as Codes
    ASC 2:

• the most widely used code
• an abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Unicode:

• A crading scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters

Bits as instructions in Program

• Program are stared as collection of bits
• Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of codes

Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwork
      Bit related terminology:
              Byte   8 bytes
              Kilobyte  1 thousand bytes
              Megabytes   1million bytes
              Gigabytes    1thousand bytes
             Terabytes   1trillion bytes

Green Computing
The manufacturing of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment

• buy green equip. (Energy Star)
• Use a notebook and a solar battery
• use energy-saving features
• turn off the comp. when your away
• screen savers don't save energy
• print only once
• * recycle waste products*



gigabytes = more space on computer

CPU: Central Processing Unit
When a comp turns on it goes through all its parts. (microproccess)

• interprets and executes the instructions in each program
• Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
• communicates with all the other parts of the comp. system indirectly through memory
• an extraordinarly complex collection of electronic circuits.
• Housed along w/ other chips and electronic components on the motherhood.

Compatibility

• All software is not necessary compatible w/ energy CPU
• Software written for the Power PC family of processors used in Macintosh comps won't run on intel processors
• Programs written for Linux can't run on PC's powered by Intel's microprocessor
• CPU's in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible
• Newer proessor can process all of the instructions handled by earlier methods

Performance

• applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory results
• a comps overall performance is determined by:
•               Its microprocessor internal clock speed
•               measured in units called gigahertly (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second
• The architecture and word size of the processor
•     High-end workstations and servers use 64 bit processors
•    Most PCs and Macintosh uses 32 bit processor
•    Same embeddded and special-purpose comps still use 8 and 16 bit processors
• Techniques for speeding up a comp's performance:
•              11 processing
•              Server cluster