Objectives
- How Computers store and manipulate info.
-Basic Structure and organization of a comp.
-Discuss the functions and interactions of a comp system's principal internal component
-Why a comp has diff types of memory and storage devices
Basic Functions of a Computer
-Recieve Input: Accept info from outside world
-Process info: perform arithmetic on logical operations an info (Ex: google)
-Produce output: Communication info to the outside world
-Store info: move and store info in memory
-Input devices: Keyboards and pointing devices (mouse)
-Output devices: display or video monitor, printer, speaker
-CPU: the functions that process any input, output, storage, or memory
Secondary storage examples: tape, hard disk devices, recordable CD and DVD
Memory and Storage Devices
-Primary storage RAM (Random Access Memory)
-Secondary Storage: storage devices thatserve as long-term reposition for data
A Bit About Bits
Information
-communications that has valve because it informs
-anything that can be communicated, whether it has valve or not
-info. comes in many forms
-words, #s, and pics
-sound, movies
-In comp technology the terms data and info are more or less...
-comp. info is digital
-bit about binary digital
-the smallest unit of info
-can have 1 or 2 valves 1 or 0
- can repeat #s, codes, or instructions
-Byte a collection of 8 bits
-using 2 symbols all #s can be represented an a calcul as well as performing arithmetic
-a calcul translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s
- each # then is looked at as a component of its personal valves (each a power of 2)
Decimal Numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- each # is a column
- if you want to write 11 then it is 2 columns 1/1
- 350, 5600 all the way until 9
- certain # represent the digits
A bit about Bits cont
- using 2 symbols all #s can be represented on a calcul as well as performing arithmetic
- a calcul translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series 0s and 1s.
- - each # then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of 2).
Bits as numbers
- binary # system
- binary denotes all # w. combination of 2 digits.
- Decimal #s are automatically convertedf into binary #s & vice versa
- Binary # processing is completely hidden from the user.
Bits as Codes
ASC 2:
- the most widely used code
- an abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Unicode:
- A crading scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters
Bits as instructions in Program
- Program are stared as collection of bits
- Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of codes
Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwork
Bit related terminology:
Byte 8 bytes
Kilobyte 1 thousand bytes
Megabytes 1million bytes
Gigabytes 1thousand bytes
Terabytes 1trillion bytes
Green Computing
The manufacturing of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment
- buy green equip. (Energy Star)
- Use a notebook and a solar battery
- use energy-saving features
- turn off the comp. when your away
- screen savers don't save energy
- print only once
- * recycle waste products*
gigabytes = more space on computer
CPU: Central Processing Unit
When a comp turns on it goes through all its parts. (microproccess)
- interprets and executes the instructions in each program
- Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
- communicates with all the other parts of the comp. system indirectly through memory
- an extraordinarly complex collection of electronic circuits.
- Housed along w/ other chips and electronic components on the motherhood.
Compatibility
- All software is not necessary compatible w/ energy CPU
- Software written for the Power PC family of processors used in Macintosh comps won't run on intel processors
- Programs written for Linux can't run on PC's powered by Intel's microprocessor
- CPU's in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible
- Newer proessor can process all of the instructions handled by earlier methods
Performance
- applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory results
- a comps overall performance is determined by:
- Its microprocessor internal clock speed
- measured in units called gigahertly (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second
- The architecture and word size of the processor
- High-end workstations and servers use 64 bit processors
- Most PCs and Macintosh uses 32 bit processor
- Same embeddded and special-purpose comps still use 8 and 16 bit processors
- Techniques for speeding up a comp's performance:
- 11 processing
- Server cluster
